Background: Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis is an essential component of perioperative care. The use of prophylactic regimens of antibiotics is a well-established practice that is encouraged to be implemented in preoperative/perioperative protocols in order to prevent surgical site infections. Aims: To emphasize the crucial aspects of antibiotic prophylaxis in abdominal surgery. Results: Antibiotic prophylaxis is defined as the administration of antibiotics before contamination occurs, given with the intention of preventing infection by achieving tissue levels of antibiotics above the minimum inhibitory concentration at the time of surgical incision. It is indicated for clean operations with prosthetic materials or in cases where severe consequences may arise in the event of an infection. It is also suitable for all clean-contaminated and contaminated operations. The spectrum of action is determined by the pathogens present at the surgical site. Ideally, a single intravenous bolus dose should be administered within 60 minutes before the surgical incision. An additional dose should be given in case of hemorrhage or prolonged surgery, according to the half-life of the drug. Factors such as the patient's weight, history of allergies, and the likelihood of colonization by resistant bacteria should be taken into account. Compliance with institutional protocols enhances the effectiveness of antibiotic use. Conclusions: Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis is associated with reduced rates of surgical site infection, hospital stay, and morbimortality.

Racional: A antibioticoprofilaxia é um componente importante dos cuidados perioperatórios. Objetivos: Abordar os principais aspectos da antibioticoprofilaxia em cirurgia digestiva. Resultados: Ela é definida como a redução da carga de bactérias no sítio operatório através da obtenção de níveis séricos de antibiótico acima da concentração inibitória mínima no momento da incisão cirúrgica. Está indicada em cirurgias limpas com próteses e nas quais a consequência de uma eventual infecção seja grave, bem como em todas as cirurgias limpas-contaminadas e contaminadas. O espectro de ação do antibiótico deve ser de acordo com a flora esperada no sítio cirúrgico e deve ser administrado 60 minutos antes da incisão, em bolus, por via endovenosa e preferencialmente em dose única. Nos casos de hemorragia importante ou cirurgias mais longas, uma nova dose pode ser administrada. O peso do paciente, a história de alergia a medicamentos e a possibilidade de colonização por bactérias multirresistentes devem ser levados em conta. A aderência a protocolos institucionais aumenta a chance de uso adequado da antibioticoprofilaxia. Conclusões: A antibioticoprofilaxia está associada à redução das taxas de infecção do sítio cirúrgico, tempo de internação e morbidade.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis is an essential component of perioperative care. The use of prophylactic regimens of antibiotics is a well-established practice that is encouraged to be implemented in preoperative/perioperative protocols in order to prevent surgical site infections. AIMS: The aim of this study was to emphasize the crucial aspects of antibiotic prophylaxis in abdominal surgery. RESULTS: Antibiotic prophylaxis is defined as the administration of antibiotics before contamination occurs, given with the intention of preventing infection by achieving tissue levels of antibiotics above the minimum inhibitory concentration at the time of surgical incision. It is indicated for clean operations with prosthetic materials or in cases where severe consequences may arise in the event of an infection. It is also suitable for all clean-contaminated and contaminated operations. The spectrum of action is determined by the pathogens present at the surgical site. Ideally, a single intravenous bolus dose should be administered within 60 min before the surgical incision. An additional dose should be given in case of hemorrhage or prolonged surgery, according to the half-life of the drug. Factors such as the patient’s weight, history of allergies, and the likelihood of colonization by resistant bacteria should be considered. Compliance with institutional protocols enhances the effectiveness of antibiotic use. CONCLUSION: Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis is associated with reduced rates of surgical site infection, hospital stay, and morbimortality.

RESUMO RACIONAL: A antibioticoprofilaxia é um componente importante dos cuidados perioperatórios. OBJETIVOS: Abordar os principais aspectos da antibioticoprofilaxia em cirurgia digestiva. RESULTADOS: Ela é definida como a redução da carga de bactérias no sítio operatório através da obtenção de níveis séricos de antibiótico acima da concentração inibitória mínima no momento da incisão cirúrgica. Está indicada em cirurgias limpas com próteses e nas quais a consequência de uma eventual infecção seja grave, bem como em todas as cirurgias limpas-contaminadas e contaminadas. O espectro de ação do antibiótico deve ser de acordo com a flora esperada no sítio cirúrgico e deve ser administrado 60 minutos antes da incisão, em bolus, por via endovenosa e preferencialmente em dose única. Nos casos de hemorragia importante ou cirurgias mais longas, uma nova dose pode ser administrada. O peso do paciente, a história de alergia a medicamentos e a possibilidade de colonização por bactérias multirresistentes devem ser levados em conta. A aderência a protocolos institucionais aumenta a chance de uso adequado da antibioticoprofilaxia. CONCLUSÕES: A antibioticoprofilaxia está associada à redução das taxas de infecção do sítio cirúrgico, tempo de internação e morbidade.

ABSTRACT COVID-19 is commonly associated with high serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the post-infection status can disturb self-tolerance and trigger autoimmune responses. We are reporting a 45-year-old male who was admitted with fatigue, jaundice, elevated liver enzymes (with cholestatic pattern), and acute kidney injury two weeks after recovering from a mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. Serologies for viral hepatitis and anti-mitochondrial antibody were negative, while anti-nuclear and anti-smooth muscle antibodies were positive. There were no signs of chronic liver disease, and a magnetic resonance cholangiography showed no dilatation of biliary ducts. Histologic evaluation of the liver evidenced numerous foci of lobular necrosis without ductopenia or portal biliary reaction. Considering the autoantibody profile and histologic changes, the medical team started oral prednisone, but there was a suboptimal biochemical response in the outpatient follow-up. Two months later, a second liver biopsy was performed and revealed non-suppurative destructive chronic cholangitis, extensive areas of confluent necrosis with hepatocytes regenerating into pseudorosettes, and numerous plasma cells. According to the Paris Criteria, the patient was then diagnosed with an autoimmune hepatitis-primary biliary cholangitis overlap syndrome (AIH-PBC-OS). After adding azathioprine and ursodeoxycholic acid to the treatment, there was a satisfactory response. This is the second worldwide report of an AIH-PBC-OS triggered by COVID-19, but the first case with a negative anti-mitochondrial antibody. In this setting, histologic evaluation of the liver by an experienced pathologist is a hallmark of achieving the diagnosis and correctly treat the patient.

ABSTRACT Objective: Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a common metabolic complication after liver transplant that negatively affects a recipient's survival and graft function. This study aims to identify risk factors associated with diabetes after liver transplant. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted from September to November 2019. Data collection was performed by chart review, and patients were divided into 3 groups: patients without diabetes mellitus (DM), patients with pre-transplant diabetes mellitus, and patients with PTDM. Results: Two hundred and forty-seven patients’ medical charts were screened, and 207 patients were included: 107 without DM, 42 with pre-transplant DM, and 58 with PTDM. The leading cause for liver transplant was hepatitis C, followed by hepatocellular carcinoma secondary to alcohol. There was a higher exposure to tacrolimus in patients without DM ( P = 0.02) and to ciclosporin in patients with pre-transplant DM, compared to others ( P = 0.005). Microscopic interface inflammatory activity was more severe in patients without DM as well as those with PTDM ( P = 0.032). There was a higher prevalence of steatosis in recipients with pre-transplant DM than there was in others ( P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression identified the following independent risk factors for DM: cirrhosis due to alcohol, hepatitis C, and triglycerides. For PTDM, these independent risk factors were cirrhosis due to alcohol, hepatitis C, and prednisone exposure. Conclusion: Alcoholic cirrhosis is a risk factor for PTDM in liver recipients. Liver transplant recipients with a pre-transplant history of cirrhosis due to alcohol, hepatitis C, and prednisone exposure deserve more caution during PTDM screening.

RESUMO O surgimento de carcinoma hepatocelular em pacientes portadores de hepatite C na ausência de cirrose é de ocorrência pouco comum. Demonstramos a importância da ressonância magnética (RM) morfofuncional com contraste hepatoespecífico por meio da descrição de uma paciente do sexo feminino, assintomática, portadora do vírus da hepatite C (VHC), que se apresentou com nódulo detectado na ultrassonografia. Realizou tomografia computadorizada inconclusiva, sem sinais de hepatopatia crônica. A RM com contraste hepatoespecífico, ao proporcionar informações funcionais, somado ao superior contraste tecidual inerente ao método, destaca-se pela maior acurácia, com a possiblidade de não se recorrer a métodos diagnósticos invasivos. Com o acúmulo de experiência e divulgação dessa nova modalidade diagnóstica no meio médico, sua utilização e outros potenciais benefícios da RM morfofuncional com contraste hepatoespecífico podem vir a se estabelecer, beneficiando pacientes com lesões hepáticas focais desafiadoras.

SUMMARY Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C in the absence of cirrhosis is uncommon. We demonstrate the importance of morphofunctional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a hepatospecific contrast agent by describing an asymptomatic female patient with HCV, who presented with a nodule detected on ultrasound. She underwent inconclusive computed tomography, presenting no signs of chronic liver disease. MRI with hepatospecific contrast providing functional information combined with the superior tissue contrast inherent to this method stands out for its greater accuracy with the possibility of not resorting to invasive diagnostic methods. With increasing experience and the dissemination of this new diagnostic modality in the medical field, its use and other potential benefits of morphofunctional MRI with hepatospecific contrast agents may be established, benefiting patients with challenging focal liver lesions.

Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se parâmetros quantitativos da tomografia computadorizada (TC) podem predizer invasão microvascular (IMV) no carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC). Materiais e Métodos: Foram analisados, retrospectivamente, 200 CHCs comprovados de 125 pacientes submetidos consecutivamente a transplante ou ressecção hepática entre março/2010 e novembro/2017. Foram realizadas medidas quantitativas da densidade das lesões e do parênquima hepático adjacente pré-contraste e nas fases arterial, portal e de equilíbrio das TCs. Parâmetros de impregnação foram comparados com a presença de IMV nos laudos anatomopatológicos. Regressões logísticas univariadas e multivariadas foram utilizadas para avaliar os parâmetros da TC como potenciais preditores de IMV. Resultados: Dos 200 CHCs, 77 (38,5%) tinham IMV no anatomopatológico. Não houve diferença estatística na razão de atenuação entre CHCs com IMV e os sem IMV na fase portal (114,7 para IMV positiva e 115,8 para IMV negativa) ou de equilíbrio (126,7 para IMV positiva e 128,2 para IMV negativa), nem na razão de washout relativa nas fases portal e de equilíbrio (15,0 para IMV positiva e 8,2 para IMV negativa na fase portal, e 31,4 para IMV positiva e 26,3 para IMV negativa na fase de equilíbrio). Conclusão: Não houve relação entre os parâmetros quantitativos da TC pré-operatória e IMV dos CHCs.

Abstract Objective: To investigate whether quantitative computed tomography (CT) measurements can predict microvascular invasion (MVI) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 200 cases of surgically proven HCCs in 125 consecutive patients evaluated between March 2010 and November 2017. We quantitatively measured regions of interest in lesions and adjacent areas of the liver on unenhanced CT scans, as well as in the arterial, portal venous, and equilibrium phases on contrast-enhanced CT scans. Enhancement profiles were analyzed and compared with histopathological references of MVI. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used in order to evaluate CT parameters as potential predictors of MVI. Results: Of the 200 HCCs, 77 (38.5%) showed evidence of MVI on histopathological analysis. There was no statistical difference between HCCs with MVI and those without, in terms of the percentage attenuation ratio in the portal venous phase (114.7 vs. 115.8) and equilibrium phase (126.7 vs. 128.2), as well as in terms of the relative washout ratio, also in the portal venous and equilibrium phases (15.0 vs. 8.2 and 31.4 vs. 26.3, respectively). Conclusion: Quantitative dynamic CT parameters measured in the preoperative period do not appear to correlate with MVI in HCC.

OBJECTIVES: Despite the contribution of awareness campaigns to the rise of organ donation rates in Brazil, younger folks are subject to few awareness actions. Records on the effect of informative campaigns at improving opinion and knowledge of undergraduates about organ donation are scarce. This study aimed to assess the effect of informative material about organ donation on changes in the trend of answers to a questionnaire compared to the answers of a control group. METHODS: Two randomized groups were compared, receiving the same standardized questionnaire. One group was supplied informative material on the subject, while the other was not. The questionnaire was sent to undergraduate students from two Brazilian universities. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test, Chi-square test and multinomial regression tests. Adopted significance was 5%. RESULTS: There were 739 responses to the questionnaire. Mean age was 22 years, with a majority of women. Six of 14 questions displayed a change in the answer pattern of the experimental group compared to controls (p<0.05). Opinion on organ donation had changes in 2 of 7 analyzed questions (p<0.05). Knowledge on the subject had a shift in answer patterns in 4 of 7 questions. Regression demonstrated 3 items that were not influenced by respondents’ age. CONCLUSION: There is controversy regarding the benefit of exposure to informative material. Negative changes were noted in the trust in transplantation as a safe treatment. Positive results regarding technical knowledge were obtained. Better results may be obtained by designing informative material tailored towards the student’s specific concerns.

RESUMO Objetivo: caracterizar o perfil dos potenciais e dos efetivos doadores de órgãos, e identificar os fatores relacionados a não efetivação da doação. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo transversal com coleta de dados das fichas da Organização de Procura de Órgãos do Hospital das Clínicas da Unicamp, referente ao período de janeiro de 2013 a abril de 2018. Resultados: o estudo contou com 1.772 potenciais doadores; predominou-se o sexo masculino (57,39%) e o evento vascular (n=996) foi a principal causa de morte encefálica. A recusa familiar (42,8%) foi o motivo mais comum para não doação de órgãos. Houve diferença estatística entre doadores e não doadores quanto à média de idade e pressão arterial sistólica, assim como houve relação entre a doação de órgãos e a ausência de diabetes e tabagismo. Conclusão: a maioria dos doadores efetivos foi do sexo masculino e jovem. As principais causas de morte encefálica e de recusa familiar foram, respectivamente, vasculares e não manifestação da vontade de ser doador após a morte. O etilismo foi mais presente nas causas traumáticas, assim como, o sexo masculino. Assim, iniciativas de conscientização populacional e abertura de discussão dentro da família sobre o ato da doação contribuem para o aumento do índice de doadores efetivos.

ABSTRACT Objective: to characterize the profile of potential and effective organ donors, and to identify the factors related to non-donation. Methods: the data was collected from the Organization of Organ Donation forms during the period of January 2013 to April 2018. The statistical analysis was done by the Biostatistic Service of the School of Medical Sciences of UNICAMP. Results: the study analyzed 1,772 potential donors; the male gender was predominant (57.39%). Vascular injuries (n=996) were the main cause of brain death. The family refusal (42.8%) was the leading cause of non-donation of organs. There was statistical difference between donors and non-donors in regard to the mean age and mean systolic blood pressure. There was also a relationship between the donation of organs and the absence of diabetes and smoking. Conclusion: the majority of effective organ donors were young males. The main causes of brain death (BD) and family refusal of organ donation were cerebrovascular disorder and no desire to donate organs after death, respectively. Alcoholics and males were more frequently found in traumatic causes of BD. Therefore, initiatives for population awareness and discussion among the families regarding organ donation can lead to increase the number of effective organ donors.

Abstract: Background: Many factors are currently being identified as potential inductors of skin cancer in patients after a liver transplant, among them, immunosuppressive regimen. Objective: To study the factors that influence the incidence of skin cancer in patients after liver transplant. Methods: We have carried out a retrospective and observational study with 170 transplanted patients who had undergone transplantation from 1997 to 2010. We have adjusted the multiple logistic regression model (saturated model) to the ensemble of collected data using skin cancer as dependent variable, indicated in anatomopathological analysis between 1997 and 2014. Results: Incidence of skin cancer was 9.4%. Predictors were incidence of diabetes in the third year after the transplantation (p=0.047), not using tacrolimus in the first year after the transplantation (p=0.025) and actinic keratosis (p=0.003). Study Limitations: An important limitation is that the interpretation of the results was based on information collected of patients undergoing transplantation at a single center. Future research, multicentric and involving larger and more diverse populations, are needed. Conclusions: Factors found might contribute to Brazilian surveillance programs associated with decreased incidence of skin cancer.

RESUMO Contexto - Na doença hepática crônica os níveis plasmáticos de oligoelementos normalmente apresentam-se baixos, mas a causa específica e implicações funcionais desta anormalidade ainda não estão bem esclarecidas. Estes elementos podem estar diminuídos em consequência da função hepática alterada em pacientes com cirrose e/ou desnutrição. Objetivo - Avaliar o estado nutricional e o perfil de oligoelementos plasmáticos dos pacientes com cirrose hepática em lista para transplante e correlacionar com a gravidade da doença. Métodos - Trata-se de um estudo transversal, no qual foram avaliados 31 pacientes do sexo masculino com diagnóstico de cirrose hepática compensada em lista de espera para transplante de fígado. O estado nutricional foi avaliado objetivamente por medidas antropométricas através do escore de Mendenhall e classificado segundo Blackburn, subjetivamente por um questionário sistematizado por Detsky e a gravidade da doença pelo escore MELD e CTP. Os oligoelementos plasmáticos (Zn, Se, Cu, Ca, Fe, Mg e Mn) foram analisados pelo método de espectrometria de massas com fonte de plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS). Para análise estatística foi utilizado o Teste de Mann-Whitney. Resultados - De acordo com a avaliação nutricional 19 (61,3%) estavam com desnutrição e 12 (38,7%) com sobrepeso. Em relação à gravidade da doença 12 (39%) foram classificados como Child A, 17 (55%), Child B e 2 (6%) Child C, sendo 46,9% dos pacientes com o escore MELD >17. Na análise dos oligoelementos 31 (100%) apresentaram níveis de Mn acima dos valores de referência, 23 (74,2%) níveis baixos de Cu, 29 (93,5%) com deficiência de Se, e 31 (100%) níveis baixos de Ca e Mg. Em relação à gravidade da doença não houve diferença estatística entre os oligoelementos estudados, já em relação ao estado nutricional o grupo desnutrido apresentou níveis maiores de Mn (P=0,01) e Fe (P=0,01) e níveis diminuídos de Zn (P=0,03) quando comparado ao grupo sobrepeso. Conclusão - Os resultados mostraram que os oligoelementos estão alterados na doença hepática crônica, sem associação significativa com a gravidade da doença, mas sim com o estado nutricional. A desnutrição está presente nos pacientes estudados, porém um novo cenário com aumento na prevalência de sobrepeso foi verificado independente do grau de descompensação hepática.

ABSTRACT Background - In chronic liver disease, trace element levels in plasma are usually low. However, the specific cause and functional implications of this abnormality are yet not well understood. These element levels may decrease as a result of abnormal liver function in patients with cirrhosis and/or malnutrition. Objective - To evaluate the nutritional status and the profile of trace elements in plasma of patients with cirrhosis on a liver transplant list and to correlate them with disease severity. Methods - This cross-sectional study evaluated 31 male patients diagnosed with compensated liver cirrhosis on a waiting list for liver transplant. Nutritional status was objectively evaluated through anthropometry using Mendenhall score and Blackburn classification, subjectively through the Detsky questionnaire and severity of the disease by MELD and CTP score. Trace elements (Zn, Se, Cu, Ca, Fe, Mg and Mn) in plasma were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney test. Results - According to the nutritional assessment 19 (61.3%) were malnourished and 12 (38.7%) were overweight. Regarding disease severity 12 (39%) were classified as Child A, 17 (55%), Child B and 2 (6%) Child C, with 46.9% of patients with MELD score >17. The trace element analysis indicated that 31 (100%) had Mn levels above the reference range, 23 (74.2%) low levels of Cu, 29 (93.5%) with deficiency of Se, and 31 (100%) low levels of Ca and Mg. Disease severity did not show statistical difference between the studied trace elements, in contrast to the nutritional status, in which the malnourished group showed higher levels of Mn (P=0.01) and Fe (P=0.01) and low levels of Zn (P=0.03) when compared to the overweight group. Conclusion - The results showed that the trace elements in plasma are altered in chronic liver disease; without significant correlation to disease severity, but correlated to nutritional status. Malnutrition is present in the patients studied, nonetheless a new scenario with an increase in the prevalence of overweight was verified regardless of the degree of hepatic decompensation.

Objetivo: identificar as vivências e sentimentos dos familiares de doadores em uma unidade transplantadora, frente ao processo de doação de órgãos.Método: trata-se de pesquisa exploratória com abordagem qualitativa, tendo como participantes do estudo sete familiares de diferentes doadores de órgãos selecionados mediante sorteio. Através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, foram coletados dados sociodemográficos e relativos as vivências do processo de doação. O material de linguagem foi transcrito e submetido à análise de conteúdo temático.Resultados: os participantes consideraram a pouca sensibilidade da equipe médica na comunicação da morte encefálica do familiar - potencial doador - e a ausência de suporte socioemocional diante da situação vivenciada pela família.Conclusões: o estudo identificou a necessidade de se oferecer maior apoio socioemocional aos familiares frente a vivência do processo de doação. A partir destes achados outras práticas de atenção e gestão na saúde poderão ser discutidas para impactar no fortalecimento dos vínculos familiares pós-doação, bem como nos índices de captação de órgãos.

Objective: to identify experiences and feelings on the organ donation process, from the perspective of a relative of an organ donor in a transplant unit.Method: this was exploratory research using a qualitative approach, performed with seven family members of different organ donors, selected by a lottery. Sociodemographic data and the experiences regarding the donation process were collected through semi-structured interviews. The language material was transcribed and submitted to content analysis.Results: poor sensitivity of the medical staff communicating the relative's brain death - the potential donor - and the lack of socio-emotional support prior to the situation experienced by the family was highlighted by participants.Conclusions: the study identified the need to provide social-emotional support for families facing the experience of the organ donation process. From these findings, other care and management practices in health must be discussed to impact the strengthening of the family ties, post-donation, as well as the organ procurement indexes.

Objetivo: identificar las experiencias y los sentimientos de la familia del donante en una unidad trasplantadora, frente al proceso de donación de órganos.Método: se trata de una investigación exploratoria con enfoque cualitativo, teniendo como participantes siete miembros de familias de diferentes donantes de órganos seleccionados aleatoriamente. A través de entrevistas semiestructuradas se recogieron datos sociodemográficos y sobre las experiencias del proceso de donación. El material de lenguaje fue transcrito y sometido al análisis de contenido temático.Resultados: los participantes consideraron la poca sensibilidad del personal médico en la comunicación de la muerte cerebral del familiar - donante potencial - y la falta de apoyo socio- emocional ante la situación vivida por la familia.Conclusiones: el estudio identificó la necesidad de proporcionar un mayor apoyo socio-emocional a las familias que enfrentan la experiencia del proceso de donación. A partir de estos hallazgos, se podrían discutir otras prácticas de atención y gestión en materia de salud podrán para impactar en el fortalecimiento de los lazos familiares después de la donación, así como el aumento de donantes de órganos frente a las tasas actuales.

Objective: to identify experiences and feelings on the organ donation process, from the perspective of a relative of an organ donor in a transplant unit.Method: this was exploratory research using a qualitative approach, performed with seven family members of different organ donors, selected by a lottery. Sociodemographic data and the experiences regarding the donation process were collected through semi-structured interviews. The language material was transcribed and submitted to content analysis.Results: poor sensitivity of the medical staff communicating the relative's brain death - the potential donor - and the lack of socio-emotional support prior to the situation experienced by the family was highlighted by participants.Conclusions: the study identified the need to provide social-emotional support for families facing the experience of the organ donation process. From these findings, other care and management practices in health must be discussed to impact the strengthening of the family ties, post-donation, as well as the organ procurement indexes.

Objetivo: identificar las experiencias y los sentimientos de la familia del donante en una unidad trasplantadora, frente al proceso de donación de órganos.Método: se trata de una investigación exploratoria con enfoque cualitativo, teniendo como participantes siete miembros de familias de diferentes donantes de órganos seleccionados aleatoriamente. A través de entrevistas semiestructuradas se recogieron datos sociodemográficos y sobre las experiencias del proceso de donación. El material de lenguaje fue transcrito y sometido al análisis de contenido temático.Resultados: los participantes consideraron la poca sensibilidad del personal médico en la comunicación de la muerte cerebral del familiar - donante potencial - y la falta de apoyo socio- emocional ante la situación vivida por la familia.Conclusiones: el estudio identificó la necesidad de proporcionar un mayor apoyo socio-emocional a las familias que enfrentan la experiencia del proceso de donación. A partir de estos hallazgos, se podrían discutir otras prácticas de atención y gestión en materia de salud podrán para impactar en el fortalecimiento de los lazos familiares después de la donación, así como el aumento de donantes de órganos frente a las tasas actuales.

Objetivo: identificar as vivências e sentimentos dos familiares de doadores em uma unidade transplantadora, frente ao processo de doação de órgãos.Método: trata-se de pesquisa exploratória com abordagem qualitativa, tendo como participantes do estudo sete familiares de diferentes doadores de órgãos selecionados mediante sorteio. Através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, foram coletados dados sociodemográficos e relativos as vivências do processo de doação. O material de linguagem foi transcrito e submetido à análise de conteúdo temático.Resultados: os participantes consideraram a pouca sensibilidade da equipe médica na comunicação da morte encefálica do familiar - potencial doador - e a ausência de suporte socioemocional diante da situação vivenciada pela família.Conclusões: o estudo identificou a necessidade de se oferecer maior apoio socioemocional aos familiares frente a vivência do processo de doação. A partir destes achados outras práticas de atenção e gestão na saúde poderão ser discutidas para impactar no fortalecimento dos vínculos familiares pós-doação, bem como nos índices de captação de órgãos.

Herpesvirus reactivation is common after liver transplantation.OBJECTIVE:Analyze the presence of cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) DNA in liver donor biopsies, seeking to better understand issues involving human donor leukocyte antigens (HLA)-A, B and DR, as well as correlations with acute cellular rejection.METHODS:Fifty-nine liver transplantation patients were investigated for the presence of HCMV and HHV-6 DNA in liver donor biopsies, using the Nested-PCR technique. The clinical donor information and HLA matches were obtained from the São Paulo State Transplant System. The recipients' records regarding acute cellular rejection were studied.RESULTS:Seven (11.8%) biopsies were positive for HCMV DNA and 29 (49%) were positive for HHV-6 DNA. In 14 donors with HLA-DR 15 nine had HHV-6 DNA positive liver biopsy with a tendency for significant association (p=0.09), 22 recipients developed acute cellular rejection and 9/22 were positive for HLA-DR 15 (p=0.03; χ2=4.51), which was statistically significant in univariate analysis and showed a tendency after multivariate analysis (p=0.08).CONCLUSION:HHV-6 DNA was prevalent in liver donors studied as well as HLA-DR 15. These findings suggest that patients with HLA-DR 15 in liver donor biopsies develop more rejection after liver transplantation.

Objetivo: Caracterizar o perfil dos doadores efetivos de órgãos e tecidos além de conhecer quais órgãos e tecidos foram doados para transplantes. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo, exploratório e retrospectivo, analisando-se os dados de prontuários de 305 doadores, entre janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2010, os quais foram submetidos à análise descritiva com confecção de tabelas de frequência, medidas de posição (média, mínimo e máximo) e dispersão (desvio-padrão) para os dados de caráter social e clínico. Resultados: Houve predomínio de indivíduos brancos (72%), do gênero masculino (55%), idade entre 41 e 60 anos (44%), sendo a principal causa de morte encefálica o acidente vascular encefálico (55%). Quanto aos antecedentes, 31% foram classificados na categoria de sobrepeso, seguidos de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (27%) e o diabetes mellitus encontrado em apenas 4,3% dos doadores. O uso de drogas vasoativas esteve presente em 92,7% dos doadores, e a principal droga utilizada foi a noradrenalina (81,6%). A hiperglicemia e a hipernatremia foram encontradas em 78% e em 71% dos doadores, respectivamente. Conclusão: Foram encontradas importantes alterações hemodinâmicas, e os resultados mostram o uso de drogas vasoativas como a principal estratégia para seu controle. Ademais, a maioria dos doadores apresentou hiperglicemia e hipernatremia, achados frequentes no quadro de morte encefálica, e que, por sua persistência, sugerem manutenção inadequada do doador de órgãos.

Objective: To characterize the profile of effective organ and tissue donors and to understand which organs and tissues were donated for transplantation. Methods: This was a quantitative, descriptive, exploratory, retrospective study that analyzed clinical data from 305 donors between January 2006 to December 2010. The data were then analyzed using descriptive analyses, generating frequency tables, measures of position (mean, minimum and maximum) and measures of dispersion (standard deviation) for data that was social and clinical in nature. Results: There was an overall predominance of white (72%) and male (55%) individuals between the ages of 41 and 60 years (44%). The primary cause of brain death was cerebrovascular accident (55%). In the patient history, 31% of the patients were classified as overweight, 27% as hypertensive and only 4.3% as having diabetes mellitus. Vasoactive drugs were used in 92.7% of the donors, and the main drug of choice was noradrenaline (81.6%). Hyperglycemia and hypernatremia were diagnosed in 78% and 71% of the donors, respectively. Conclusion: Significant hemodynamic changes were found, and the results indicate that the use of vasoactive drugs was the main strategy used to control these changes. Furthermore, most donors presented with hyperglycemia and hypernatremia, which were frequently reported in association with brain death. The persistent nature of these findings suggests that the organ donors were inadequately maintained.

RACIONAL: Utiliza-se o escore MELD (Model End-Stage Liver Disease) para o prognóstico da mortalidade em lista de espera para transplante de fígado e, em alguns estudos, para predição da sobrevida pós-operatória a longo prazo. OBJETIVO: Verificar a aplicação do escore MELD como predição da sobrevida após o transplante. MÉTODOS: Por intermédio de dados coletados prospectivamente efetuou-se um estudo de coorte longitudinal retrospectivo em 232 pacientes. Excluíram-se os retransplantes, insuficiência hepática aguda, crianças e enxertos duplos ou reduzidos. Avaliaram-se os dados dos doadores: idade, sexo, peso, creatinina, bilirrubina, sódio, aspartato aminotransferase, antecedentes pessoais, causa da morte, presença de esteatose, número de critérios expandidos do doador e índice de risco do doador. Em relação aos receptores, analisaram-se as variáveis: sexo, idade, peso, doença hepática, pontos de Child-Turcotte-Pugh, escore MELD, depuração de creatinina, sódio, tempos de isquemia e de hospitalização, quantidade de hemoderivados transfundidos, presença e grau de disfunção do enxerto. A análise estatística foi efetuada usando-se a análise de regressão univariada e/ou múltipla, estatística 'c', teste exato de Fisher, método de Kaplan-Meier (teste log-rank) para sobrevida, e análise de regressão de Cox para risco de óbito ajustado para as condições clínicas. RESULTADOS: O ponto de corte MELD para sobrevida foi 20 e de Child-Turcotte-Pugh foi 11,5. Para escore MELD maior ou igual a 20, os fatores preditivos de sobrevida foram: volume de sangue transfundido, disfunção do enxerto e o sódio do doador. Para os hiponatrêmicos os fatores preditivos de sobrevida foram: volume de sangue transfundido, disfunção do enxerto e sódio do doador. A sobrevida estimada para pacientes com escore MELD >25 foi menor ao final de 12 meses (68,86% vs 39,13%). A sobrevida estimada para os pacientes sem hiponatremia foi maior (65,16% vs 44,44%). A sobrevida aos 5 e 10 anos também seguiu o mesmo padrão. O uso de doadores limítrofes não alterou a sobrevida, mas quando se utilizou o índice de risco do doador observou-se que a sobrevida foi maior para pacientes com índice de risco do doador menor que 1,7 (63,62% vs 53,70%). A associação deste índice com o escore MELD não mostrou diferença estatística em relação à sobrevida. Observou-se que a falência e disfunção do enxerto foram associadas ao número crescente de critérios expandidos do doador. Os receptores de doadores maiores de 50 anos tiveram menor sobrevida (65,58% vs 38,40%) e o escore delta-MELD não discriminou a sobrevida. CONCLUSÃO: A sobrevida dos receptores a curto e longo prazo é associada a escores MELD acima de 25, ao volume de sangue transfundido, à disfunção do enxerto, à hiponatremia, à idade do doador acima de 50 anos e àqueles doadores com índice de risco do doador acima de 1,7.

BACKGROUND: The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) was developed to predict short-term mortality in patients with cirrhosis. There are few reports studying the correlation between MELD and long-term posttransplantation survival. AIM: To assess the value of pretransplant MELD in the prediction of posttransplant survival. METHODS: The adult patients (age >18 years) who underwent liver transplantation were examined in a retrospective longitudinal cohort of patients, through the prospective data base. We excluded acute liver failure, retransplantation and reduced or split-livers. The liver donors were evaluated according to: age, sex, weight, creatinine, bilirubin, sodium, aspartate aminotransferase, personal antecedents, brain death cause, steatosis, expanded criteria donor number and index donor risk. The recipients' data were: sex, age, weight, chronic hepatic disease, Child-Turcotte-Pugh points, pretransplant and initial MELD score, pretransplant creatinine clearance, sodium, cold and warm ischemia times, hospital length of stay, blood requirements, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT >1,000 UI/L = liver dysfunction). The Kaplan-Meier method with the log-rank test was used for the univariable analyses of posttransplant patient survival. For the multivariable analyses the Cox proportional hazard regression method with the stepwise procedure was used with stratifying sodium and MELD as variables. ROC curve was used to define area under the curve for MELD and Child-Turcotte-Pugh. RESULTS: A total of 232 patients with 10 years follow up were available. The MELD cutoff was 20 and Child-Turcotte-Pugh cutoff was 11.5. For MELD score > 20, the risk factors for death were: red cell requirements, liver dysfunction and donor's sodium. For the patients with hyponatremia the risk factors were: negative delta-MELD score, red cell requirements, liver dysfunction and donor's sodium. The regression univariated analyses came up with the following risk factors for death: score MELD > 25, blood requirements, recipient creatinine clearance pretransplant and age donor >50. After stepwise analyses, only red cell requirement was predictive. Patients with MELD score < 25 had a 68.86%, 50,44% and 41,50% chance for 1, 5 and 10-year survival and > 25 were 39.13%, 29.81% and 22.36% respectively. Patients without hyponatremia were 65.16%, 50.28% and 41,98% and with hyponatremia 44.44%, 34.28% and 28.57% respectively. Patients with IDR > 1.7 showed 53.7%, 27.71% and 13.85% and index donor risk <1.7 was 63.62%, 51.4% and 44.08%, respectively. Age donor > 50 years showed 38.4%, 26.21% and 13.1% and age donor <50 years showed 65.58%, 26.21% and 13.1%. Association with delta-MELD score did not show any significant difference. Expanded criteria donors were associated with primary non-function and severe liver dysfunction. Predictive factors for death were blood requirements, hyponatremia, liver dysfunction and donor's sodium. CONCLUSION: In conclusion MELD over 25, recipient's hyponatremia, blood requirements, donor's sodium were associated with poor survival.